Nutrition Strategies Pre-infection, during, and Post-infection with Coronavirus Disease

Coronavirus disease is a serious viral infection that is characterized by severe inflammation and lymphopenia. The virus attacks many organs causing acute respiratory distress and malfunctioning of the organs leading to death. Through strengthening of the innate immune system, a balanced diet plays a critical role in defense against bacterial and viral diseases. A healthy diet before, during and after an infection can lessen the severity of the symptoms and speed up the recovery of damaged cells. Due to the Mediterranean diet's high concentration of bioactive polyphenols, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombic properties, numerous studies have suggested that it is a preventative dietary strategy against many diseases including coronavirus disease. Nutrition and herbal plants play a key role to enhance the immunity of people to protect and fight against coronavirus. Diet rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals represents perfect barrier to the virus through elevation of the innate immunity of the body. In addition, gut microbiota including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics were found to enhance immunity to reduce the symptoms of the disease during infection. Protein-rich foods and honey bee products reported significant role during and post-coronavirus infection. This review presents updated information from original pre-clinical and clinical researches, and review articles as well to expose the nutritive strategies including breastfeeding benefits to infants pre-infection, during, and post-infection with coronavirus.Copyright © 2023, Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI. All rights reserved.

Prebiotics, Probiotics and Nutraceuticals

The book titled ‘Prebiotics, Probiotics and Nutraceuticals' is expected to direct many emerging research pathwaysneed at local and global levels for nutrition and food supplements for developing immunity for healthy life. This volume incorporates sixteen seminal papers on issue based research and their practical applications covering latest information and progress on different area of nutritional supplement research fight against disease. The book highlights the frontier issues and applications in nutritional biotechnology with wide coverage of the themes like Potentiality of Probiotics in Inactivation of Tetrodotoxin, Therapeutic Strategy for the Deterrence of COVID-19 with Relevance to Probiotics and Prospectives of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics for Sustainable Development in Aquaculture.Plant based Bioactive compounds in Cancer Therapeutics, Recent Trends in Natural Medicines and Nutraceuticals Research, Probiotics as efficacious therapeutic option for treating gut-related diseases: molecular and immune-biological perspectives, The progressive development of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics research, and its multipurpose use in the ornamental fishery, The commercial perspective of probiotics, and bioremediating components in aquaculture pond management: A Case Study andPrebiotics as promising therapeutics for treating gut-related disorders: Biochemical and Molecular Perspectives. Prebiotics and Probiotics as Functional Foods: Prospect and Promises in Metabolic Diseases, Implications of probiotics and prebiotics on immune functions. Recent Trends in Natural Medicines and Nutraceuticals Research, Nutraceuticals are alternative to modern medicines, Socio-Economic Study of Prospective of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic for sustainable development of aquaculture in Indian Sunderban. This book will be very useful for the scholars, biotechnologists, agricultural scientists, nutritionist, medical doctors, researchers, teachers and students in the emerging field of biotechnology. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.

Immunomodulation of B Lymphocytes by Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: Application in Pathologies.

INTRODUCTION: Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are known to have major beneficial effects on human health due to their ability to modify the composition and the function of the gut mucosa, the gut microbiota and the immune system. These components largely function in a healthy population throughout different periods of life to confer homeostasis. Indeed, they can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota by increasing bacteria strands that are beneficial for health, such as Firmicute and Bifidobacteria, and decreasing harmful bacteria, such as Enteroccocus. Their immunomodulation properties have been extensively studied in different innate cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes) and adaptive cells (Th, Treg, B cells). They can confer a protolerogenic environment but also modulate pro-inflammatory responses. Due to all these beneficial effects, these compounds have been investigated to prevent or to treat different diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, allergies, autoimmune diseases, etc. Regarding the literature, the effects of these components on dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells have been studied and presented in a number of reviews, but their impact on B-cell response has been less widely discussed. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, we propose here a review of the literature on the immunomodulation of B-lymphocytes response by prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, both in healthy conditions and in pathologies. DISCUSSION: Promising studies have been performed in animal models, highlighting the potential of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics intake to treat or to prevent diseases associated with B-cell immunomodulation, but this needs to be validated in humans with a full characterization of B-cell subsets and not only the humoral response.

Influence of biotic interventions on the immune response to vaccines in young and older adults.

Vaccination is the most effective way to confer potent and long-term protection from infectious diseases. However, poorer responses to immunization are common in young adults with sub-optimal immune health and the elderly because of immunosenescence and increased comorbidities. Recent mechanistic studies have highlighted that the microbiota and its compounds modulate many molecular pathways that can influence the host immune system. Consequently, altering the microbiota composition or activity with immunonutrition, specifically with biotic interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, or postbiotics), may enhance the immune response and vaccine efficacy. This review aims to examine the available data for these biotic strategies to provide clinicians, researchers, and vaccine developers with a mechanistically driven synthesis of how biotic interventions could modulate the immune responses to vaccination. The article describes some postulated mechanistic pathways involved in immunological responses to vaccines and immunomodulation with biotic interventions. Randomized clinical trials were also reviewed to evaluate the impact of specific biotic interventions on vaccination outcomes in different age groups. Few strains and formulations significantly increased antigen-specific antibody titers in individual of all ages. However, studies have also pointed to a substantial heterogeneity that can be attributed to the difference in biotic intervention, strain, dose, viability, type of vaccine antigen, study location, as well as duration, and timing of administration. Future investigations should focus on establishing optimal strains, doses, and timing of administration with respect to vaccination, especially in the elderly and children, where vaccine effectiveness and duration of immunization matter.

Synbiotics: A Promising Approach For Improving Human Health

The present environmental condition and lifestyle are becoming the cause of an increase in health issues like diabetes, obesity, and intestinal disorders in a growing population. The demand for functional foods as nutritional and immunity-boosting supplements has increased due to people's increased health consciousness during the last few years, which has accelerated a number of clinical trials on the positive effects of combining probiotics and prebiotics as synbiotics on hosts. A healthy diet is extremely important in maintaining the health of an individual. There are multiple mechanisms that have proposed the effect of synbiotics in controlling various diseases. Hence present review focuses on the most recent finding regarding health benefits, formulation criteria, action mechanism, and future prospects of synbiotics with their positive effect on the host. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

Antibiotics and probiotics impact gut antimicrobial resistance gene reservoir in COVID-19 patients.

Dysbiosis of gut microbiota is well-described in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), but the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) reservoir, known as resistome, is less known. Here, we performed longitudinal fecal metagenomic profiling of 142 patients with COVID-19, characterized the dynamics of resistome from diagnosis to 6 months after viral clearance, and reported the impact of antibiotics or probiotics on the ARGs reservoir. Antibiotic-naive patients with COVID-19 showed increased abundance and types, and higher prevalence of ARGs compared with non-COVID-19 controls at baseline. Expansion in resistome was mainly driven by tetracycline, vancomycin, and multidrug-resistant genes and persisted for at least 6 months after clearance of SARS-CoV-2. Patients with expanded resistome exhibited increased prevalence of Klebsiella sp. and post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Antibiotic treatment resulted in further increased abundance of ARGs whilst oral probiotics (synbiotic formula, SIM01) significantly reduced the ARGs reservoir in the gut microbiota of COVID-19 patients during the acute infection and recovery phase. Collectively, these findings shed new insights on the dynamic of ARGs reservoir in COVID-19 patients and the potential role of microbiota-directed therapies in reducing the burden of accumulated ARGs.

Sea grapes Kombucha Tea Improves Liver-Superoxide dismutase (SOD) Serum in Mice Fed on Cholesterol- and Fat-enriched Diet: A Novel Probiotic Ready-to-drink Rich in Ascorbic Acid

Background/Objectives: Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) are rich in macro-micronutrients, such as protein, minerals, folic acid, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), vitamin A, vitamin B1, and fiber.(1) Kombucha tea is a synbiotic fermented beverage that has many health benefits which fermentation process increases antioxidant levels in food products.(2) This study aims to evaluate the benefits of sea grapes kombucha tea, which include the amounts of vitamin C and its effect on Liver-Superoxide dismutase (SOD) serum in mice fed on cholesterol- and fat-enriched diet (CFED). Methods: The Kombucha tea in this study used the formulation of the previous study.(3) Vitamin C amounts were tested using the Titration-Iodometry method. Furthermore, 40 albino male (Mus musculus) mice weighing between 20-30 g were divided into four groups of ten each;group A as normal control (standard dry pellet diet), group B were fed CFED only, and C and D were fed CFED which given 150 and 300 mg/kgBW sea grapes kombucha tea (p.o.) for 4 weeks. This protocol has been registered at https://preclinicaltrials.eu (International Register of Preclinical Trials Protocols) PCTE0000258 and approved by the Ethics Committee RSUP Prof. Dr. RD. Kandou 100/EC/ KEPK-KANDOU/VI/2021. Statistical analysis in this study used The One-Way Anova SPSS 26.0. Results: Ascorbic acid amounts in this study kombucha tea was 1.45 ± 3.82 mg.mL-1. There was a significant difference in SOD levels between groups (p < 0.0001). SOD levels in group A, B, C, and D respectively 16.90 ± 2.82 U/mL;8.79 ± 0.67 U/mL;63.75 ± 4.55 U/mL and 80.27 ± 4.13 U/mL. Dosage of 300 mg/kgBW has significantly increased SOD activity (p < 0.0001) compared to 150 mg/kgBW. Discussion / Conclusion: The sea grapes kombucha tea has the potential to be a ready-to-drink beverage to meet daily vitamin C needs and increase SOD-Liver (Intracellular antioxidant). This study showed in line with previous study that consumption of ascorbic acid significantly increased the SOD activity in type-2 diabetes patients.(4) SOD plays a very important role as a defense against oxidative stress in the body.(5) Sea grapes kombucha tea has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory functional food and as a good immunomodulatory agent, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Microbiota Modulating Nutritional Approaches to Countering the Effects of Viral Respiratory Infections Including SARS-CoV-2 through Promoting Metabolic and Immune Fitness with Probiotics and Plant Bioactives.

Viral respiratory infections (VRIs) can spread quickly and cause enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. These events pose serious threats to public health due to time lags in developing vaccines to activate the acquired immune system. The high variability of people's symptomatic responses to viral infections, as illustrated in the current COVID-19 pandemic, indicates the potential to moderate the severity of morbidity from VRIs. Growing evidence supports roles for probiotic bacteria (PB) and prebiotic dietary fiber (DF) and other plant nutritional bioactives in modulating immune functions. While human studies help to understand the epidemiology and immunopathology of VRIs, the chaotic nature of viral transmissions makes it difficult to undertake mechanistic study where the pre-conditioning of the metabolic and immune system could be beneficial. However, recent experimental studies have significantly enhanced our understanding of how PB and DF, along with plant bioactives, can significantly modulate innate and acquired immunity responses to VRIs. Synbiotic combinations of PB and DF potentiate increased benefits primarily through augmenting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate. These and specific plant polyphenolics help to regulate immune responses to both restrain VRIs and temper the neutrophil response that can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review highlights the current understanding of the potential impact of targeted nutritional strategies in setting a balanced immune tone for viral clearance and reinforcing homeostasis. This knowledge may guide the development of public health tactics and the application of functional foods with PB and DF components as a nutritional approach to support countering VRI morbidity.